Química Orgánica 1 · Reacciones radicalarias y selectividad
2-Bromopropane from propane and bromine
Condiciones: Br₂, hν
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Arrastra desde los electrones que se mueven hasta donde van, o toca uno y luego el otro. Cada flecha se revisa; Pista te ayuda cuando te atascas. No necesitas cuenta.
El mecanismo, paso a paso
Siguiente reproduce las flechas curvas de cada paso y las explica. Los pasos escritos están abajo.
Leer los 5 pasos escritos
Initiation: split Br₂ with light
Light breaks the weak Br–Br bond homolytically: each bromine atom keeps one of the two bonding electrons, giving two neutral bromine radicals and no ions. A second Br₂ molecule waits for the propagation steps.
Las flechas curvas
- One electron of the Br–Br bond stays on the first atom.
- The other electron of the Br–Br bond stays on the second atom, so the bond splits evenly into two radicals.
Propagation: remove a secondary hydrogen
The bromine radical removes a hydrogen from the central CH2, giving the isopropyl radical. The secondary C–H bond (about 413 kJ/mol) is weaker than a primary one (about 423 kJ/mol), and the selective bromine radical feels that difference strongly.
Las flechas curvas
- The unpaired electron on the bromine radical supplies one electron of the new bond to hydrogen.
- One electron of the secondary C–H bond pairs with it to complete the new bond to hydrogen.
- The other secondary C–H electron stays behind as the unpaired electron of the new radical.
Why this hydrogen?
Radical stability follows tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl, and the weakest C–H bond gives the most stable radical. Bromine is far more selective than chlorine because its abstraction step is endothermic, with a late, product-like transition state.
Propagation: take Br from a second Br₂
The carbon radical attacks Br₂, forming the C–Br bond and releasing a new bromine radical. That radical starts the next cycle, so one initiation event drives many cycles.
Las flechas curvas
- The unpaired electron on secondary C supplies one electron of the new bond to Br.
- One electron of the Br–Br bond completes that new bond.
- The other Br–Br electron stays on the far Br, regenerating the chain-carrying radical.
2-Bromopropane and HBr
Bromine sits on the middle carbon: 2-bromopropane is the major product, with only a few percent of 1-bromopropane from the primary branch.
Qué vas a practicar
Draw the initiation and both propagation steps that brominate propane at its secondary carbon, giving 2-bromopropane.
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