Química Orgânica 2 · Condensação de Claisen e adição conjugada
Cyclohexanone from diethyl heptanedioate (Dieckmann condensation then decarboxylation)
Condições: NaOEt, EtOH; then H3O⁺, Δ
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Form the enolate
Ethoxide removes an α-hydrogen next to one ester group of diethyl heptanedioate (diethyl pimelate).
As setas curvas
- A lone pair on the ethoxide takes the α-hydrogen.
- The C–H bonding pair stays on the α-carbon, forming the enolate.
Enolate attacks the acceptor carbonyl
The nucleophilic α-carbon adds to the carbonyl carbon of the other ester group, and the C=O π electrons move onto oxygen to give a tetrahedral alkoxide.
As setas curvas
- The enolate carbon's lone pair forms the new C–C bond.
- The C=O π pair moves onto oxygen, keeping the carbonyl carbon at an octet.
Why does this ring form?
Dieckmann ring size.
Collapse and expel ethoxide
The alkoxide re-forms the C=O bond and pushes out ethoxide, completing the acyl substitution and giving the β-dicarbonyl compound.
As setas curvas
- An oxygen lone pair re-forms the C=O π bond.
- The C–O bond breaks and ethoxide leaves with the bonding pair.
Deprotonate the β-dicarbonyl product
The hydrogen on the carbon between the two carbonyls (pKa ≈ 9–11) is far more acidic than ethanol, so ethoxide removes it. This favorable step consumes the base and drives the reversible condensation to completion.
As setas curvas
- The alkoxide lone pair takes the doubly activated hydrogen.
- The C–H pair stays on carbon, delocalized over both carbonyls.
Acidic workup
Hydronium, added in a separate workup, protonates the stabilized anion on carbon to give the neutral β-dicarbonyl product.
As setas curvas
- The carbanion lone pair bonds to a proton of hydronium.
- The O–H pair returns to oxygen, releasing water.
Protonate the carbonyl of the β-keto ester
Hydronium protonates the carbonyl oxygen of the β-keto ester, making its carbon much more electrophilic toward weakly nucleophilic water.
As setas curvas
- A carbonyl oxygen lone pair takes a proton from hydronium.
- The O–H pair returns to oxygen, releasing water.
Water adds to the carbonyl carbon
Water attacks the activated carbonyl carbon, giving a tetrahedral intermediate with a positively charged oxygen.
As setas curvas
- A water lone pair forms the new C–O bond.
- The C=O π pair moves onto the protonated oxygen, neutralizing it.
Deprotonate the added water
Water removes a proton from the oxonium oxygen, giving a neutral tetrahedral intermediate.
As setas curvas
- Water's lone pair takes the oxonium proton.
- The O–H pair stays on oxygen.
Protonate the ethoxy oxygen
Hydronium protonates the ethoxy oxygen, turning it into a good leaving group (neutral ethanol).
As setas curvas
- The ethoxy oxygen lone pair takes a proton from hydronium.
- The O–H pair returns to oxygen as water.
Expel ethanol
An OH lone pair re-forms the C=O bond and pushes out ethanol.
As setas curvas
- An oxygen lone pair forms the C=O π bond.
- The C–O bond breaks and ethanol leaves.
Deprotonate to the carboxylic acid
Water removes the proton from the protonated carbonyl, giving the neutral carboxylic acid and regenerating hydronium.
As setas curvas
- Water's lone pair takes the proton.
- The O–H pair stays on oxygen, giving C=O.
Decarboxylate through a cyclic transition state
On heating, the β-carbonyl oxygen takes the carboxyl proton while CO2 leaves, all in one six-membered cyclic step. This gives carbon dioxide and an enol.
As setas curvas
- The C=O π pair of the β-carbonyl bonds to the carboxyl hydrogen.
- The O–H pair becomes the second C=O of carbon dioxide.
- The C–C bond pair becomes the C=C π bond of the enol.
Protonate the enol on carbon
Hydronium protonates the enol at its α-carbon, giving a protonated carbonyl.
As setas curvas
- The enol oxygen lone pair forms a C=O π bond as the C=C π pair leaves.
- The enol C=C π pair bonds to a proton from hydronium.
- The O–H pair returns to oxygen as water.
Deprotonate oxygen
Water removes the O–H proton, completing the tautomerization to the ketone.
As setas curvas
- Water's lone pair takes the O–H proton.
- The O–H pair stays on oxygen, forming the C=O bond.
Cyclohexanone
The product is cyclohexanone: the Dieckmann condensation closed the six-membered ring, and hydrolysis plus decarboxylation removed the ester carbon as CO2.
O que você vai praticar
Draw the Dieckmann cyclization of diethyl heptanedioate and the acid hydrolysis, decarboxylation and tautomerization that convert the β-keto ester into cyclohexanone.
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