Química Orgânica 1 · Reações radicalares e seletividade
1-Bromohexane from hex-1-ene: anti-Markovnikov HBr
Condições: HBr, ROOR (peroxide), heat or hν
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O mecanismo, passo a passo
Próximo mostra as setas curvas de cada passo e as explica. Os passos escritos estão abaixo.
Ler todos os 6 passos escritos
Initiation: split the peroxide
Heat or light breaks the weak O–O bond of the peroxide (ROOR, drawn as di-tert-butyl peroxide, assumed) homolytically into two tert-butoxyl radicals. The O–O bond (about 150 kJ/mol) is the weakest bond present.
As setas curvas
- One electron of the O–O bond stays on the first atom.
- The other electron of the O–O bond stays on the second atom, so the bond splits evenly into two radicals.
Initiation: make the bromine radical
A tert-butoxyl radical removes the hydrogen from H–Br. The O–H bond formed is much stronger than the H–Br bond broken, so this step is fast and delivers Br•, the real chain carrier.
As setas curvas
- The unpaired electron on oxygen supplies one electron of the new bond to hydrogen.
- One electron of the H–Br bond completes the new O–H bond.
- The other H–Br electron stays on bromine, giving a bromine radical.
Propagation: Br• adds to the alkene
The bromine radical adds to the terminal CH2 of the alkene. This leaves the unpaired electron on C2, a secondary radical, instead of a primary one; it also attacks the less hindered end.
As setas curvas
- The unpaired electron on bromine supplies one electron of the new bond to the less hindered alkene carbon.
- One π electron of the C=C completes that bond.
- The other π electron stays on C2, which becomes the new radical centre.
Why anti-Markovnikov?
In the radical mechanism bromine adds first, to the carbon that gives the more stable carbon radical; hydrogen arrives last. So Br ends up on the less substituted carbon, the opposite of ionic HBr addition, where H+ adds first.
Propagation: the carbon radical takes H from HBr
The carbon radical abstracts the hydrogen atom from a second HBr, completing the anti-Markovnikov addition and regenerating Br• to add to the next alkene.
As setas curvas
- The unpaired electron on C2 supplies one electron of the new C–H bond.
- One electron of the weak Br–H bond completes the C–H bond.
- The other Br–H electron stays on Br, which carries the chain on.
1-Bromohexane, tert-butanol and radicals
H and Br have added across the C=C with bromine on the terminal carbon: 1-bromohexane, the anti-Markovnikov product. Each Br• made continues the chain.
O que você vai praticar
Draw peroxide initiation and the two propagation steps that add HBr to hex-1-ene with bromine on the terminal carbon, giving 1-bromohexane.
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