Química Orgânica 1 · Exam review
Reações de alcenos e alcinos: revisão para a prova
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- Ethynide adds to cyclohexanone
- Deprotonation and methylation of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne
- Anti addition of bromine to cyclohexene
- Chlorohydrin formation from propene
- Acid-catalysed tautomerisation of an alkyne-hydration enol
- Epoxidation of cyclooctene with mCPBA
- Acid-catalysed hydrolysis of cyclopentene oxide
- HBr adds to 2-methylbut-1-ene
- HBr adds to vinylcyclohexane with a hydride shift
Ver todos os 102 problemas de reações de alcenos e alcinos: revisão para a prova →
O que você vai aprender
- Predict the regiochemistry of alkene additions from the most stable cationic intermediate, and recognise when a carbocation rearranges.
- Choose between acid-catalysed hydration, oxymercuration–demercuration and hydroboration–oxidation to place an OH group where it is wanted.
- Predict syn or anti stereochemistry for halogenation, halohydrin formation, hydroboration, epoxidation and dihydroxylation, including meso and racemic outcomes.
- Predict the carbonyl products of ozonolysis and work backwards from them to the alkene.
- Use terminal-alkyne acidity, acetylide alkylation and addition, alkyne hydration and alkyne reductions in short syntheses.
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Electrophilic addition goes through the more stable cation
An alkene π bond is a nucleophile. With HBr, HCl or aqueous acid, the π pair takes a proton and leaves a carbocation on the other alkene carbon. The proton goes to the carbon that leaves the more substituted cation (tertiary > secondary > primary; resonance with a neighbouring benzene ring or C=C bond gives benzylic and allylic cations extra stabilisation on top of this), so the nucleophile ends up on the more substituted carbon: Markovnikov addition. 2-Methylbut-1-ene and HBr give 2-bromo-2-methylbutane through the tertiary cation. In dilute aqueous acid, water is the nucleophile and another water removes the final proton, so hydroxide never appears. The one common exception is HBr with peroxides or light: a radical chain then runs in which Br· adds to the less substituted carbon to give the more stable carbon radical, so bromine ends up on the less substituted carbon (anti-Markovnikov). Only HBr does this; with HCl or HI one of the chain steps is uphill, and the ionic Markovnikov addition takes over.
Carbocations rearrange; mercurinium ions do not
A secondary cation next to a carbon that carries a hydrogen and two alkyl groups can move that hydrogen over with its bonding pair (a 1,2-hydride shift); the charge then sits on the neighbouring carbon, which is tertiary. A neighbouring carbon with three alkyl groups can shift a methyl group in the same way. Acid-catalysed hydration of 3-methylbut-1-ene therefore gives mainly 2-methylbutan-2-ol, not 3-methylbutan-2-ol. Oxymercuration (Hg(OAc)₂ in water, then NaBH₄) adds H and OH with the same Markovnikov regiochemistry, but it passes through a bridged mercurinium ion, never a free carbocation, so the skeleton does not rearrange and 3-methylbutan-2-ol is the product.
Halogens add anti through a bridged ion
Br₂ or Cl₂ forms a three-membered halonium ion on one face of the alkene. The nucleophile then opens it from the opposite face, so the two new groups are anti. Cyclohexene gives trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane as a racemate. In water, water outnumbers bromide and opens the halonium ion at the more substituted carbon, which carries more of the positive charge: the halohydrin has OH on the more substituted carbon and the halogen on the other.
Hydroboration is syn and anti-Markovnikov
BH₃ adds H and B to the same face in one concerted step. Boron bonds to the less substituted carbon, both for steric reasons and because the more substituted carbon carries the partial positive charge in the four-centre transition state. Basic H₂O₂ then replaces boron by OH with retention. The net result is syn, anti-Markovnikov addition of H and OH with no rearrangement: 1,2-dimethylcyclopentene gives the alcohol in which the two methyl groups are cis.
Oxidising the π bond: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
A peroxyacid such as mCPBA transfers one oxygen to one face of the alkene, giving an epoxide with the alkene geometry kept. The rest of the peroxyacid becomes a carboxylic acid by-product, so the atom economy of the step is low. Opening that epoxide with aqueous acid gives the trans (anti) diol. OsO₄, or cold dilute KMnO₄, adds two oxygens to one face through a cyclic ester and gives the cis (syn) diol. Ozone cleaves the C=C bond completely: after a dimethyl sulfide workup each alkene carbon becomes a C=O carbon, so a ring alkene opens to one dicarbonyl compound. 1-Methylcyclopentene gives 5-oxohexanal.
Alkynes: acidity, carbon–carbon bonds and reductions
A terminal alkyne C–H (pKa about 25) is far more acidic than an alkene or alkane C–H, and NaNH₂ (ammonia pKa about 38) removes it completely. The acetylide ion is a strong carbon nucleophile: it alkylates methyl and primary halides by SN2 and adds to aldehydes and ketones. HgSO₄ in aqueous H₂SO₄ hydrates a terminal alkyne to the methyl ketone, while a bulky borane followed by H₂O₂/NaOH gives the aldehyde; in both cases an enol forms first and tautomerises to the carbonyl compound. H₂ with Lindlar's catalyst reduces an alkyne to the cis alkene, Na in liquid NH₃ to the trans alkene, and H₂ over Pd/C all the way to the alkane.
Alkene stability and counting π bonds
Heats of hydrogenation compare alkene stabilities: when two alkenes give the same alkane, the one that releases less heat started lower in energy. Alkyl groups on the C=C stabilise it, so stability rises from ethene to mono-, di- and tetrasubstituted alkenes, and (E)-but-2-ene is about 4 kJ/mol more stable than (Z)-but-2-ene because its methyl groups do not crowd each other. For a hydrocarbon CₙHₘ the degrees of unsaturation are (2n + 2 − m) ÷ 2. Each equivalent of H₂ taken up over Pd/C removes one π bond (an alkyne takes two), and whatever unsaturation survives hydrogenation is a ring.
What to carry forward
For every alkene or alkyne question, ask three things in order: which intermediate forms (carbocation, bridged ion, concerted transition state or none), where the nucleophile or second group goes (more or less substituted carbon), and from which face (syn or anti). The answers fix the constitution, then the stereochemistry, of the product.
Problemas de prática (102)
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Desenhe o mecanismo 61
Alkyne reactions
- Ethynide adds to cyclohexanoneDraw deprotonation of ethyne by amide ion, addition of the ethynide ion to the carbonyl carbon of cyclohexanone, and protonation of the alkoxide by ammonium ion on workup to give 1-ethynylcyclohexan-1-ol.
- Deprotonation and methylation of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yneDraw deprotonation of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne by amide ion and SN2 attack of the acetylide on iodomethane to give 4,4-dimethylpent-2-yne.
- Acid-catalysed tautomerisation of an alkyne-hydration enolDraw the acid-catalysed conversion of the enol formed by Markovnikov hydration of 3-methylbut-1-yne into 3-methylbutan-2-one: carbon protonation by hydronium, then O–H deprotonation by water.
- Pent-1-yne from 1,2-dibromopentane by double eliminationDraw two E2 eliminations of HBr from 1,2-dibromopentane by amide ion, deprotonation of the terminal alkyne by a third amide ion, and protonation by water in the workup to give pent-1-yne.
- Two equivalents of HBr add to hex-1-yneDraw two Markovnikov additions of HBr to hex-1-yne: protonation at C1, bromide capture at C2 to give 2-bromohex-1-ene, then the same again to give the geminal dibromide 2,2-dibromohexane.
- Mercury-catalysed hydration of pent-1-yne to pentan-2-oneDraw Hg2+ activating pent-1-yne, water adding at C2, loss of mercury to give the enol, and acid-catalysed tautomerisation of the enol to pentan-2-one.
- Lindlar reduction of pent-2-yne to (Z)-pent-2-eneDraw oxidative addition of H2 to palladium, migratory insertion of pent-2-yne into a Pd–H bond, and reductive elimination giving (Z)-pent-2-ene by syn addition.
- Hept-2-yne from propyne and 1-bromobutaneDraw deprotonation of propyne by amide ion and SN2 attack of the propynide ion on 1-bromobutane, giving hept-2-yne.
Halogens, boron and syn or anti addition
- Anti addition of bromine to cyclohexeneDraw bromonium-ion formation from cyclohexene and Br2, then backside opening by bromide, and explain why the product is racemic trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane.
- Chlorohydrin formation from propeneDraw chloronium-ion formation from propene, opening by water at the more substituted carbon, and deprotonation to give 1-chloropropan-2-ol.
- Hydroboration–oxidation of 2-methylpent-1-eneDraw concerted syn hydroboration of 2-methylpent-1-ene with boron on the CH2 carbon, then the oxidation steps that replace boron by OH, giving the anti-Markovnikov alcohol 2-methylpentan-1-ol.
- Bromination of (E)-hex-3-ene to meso-3,4-dibromohexaneDraw the bridged bromonium ion from (E)-hex-3-ene and its backside opening by bromide, giving meso-3,4-dibromohexane by anti addition.
- Bromohydrin from hex-1-ene: 1-bromohexan-2-olDraw the bromonium ion from hex-1-ene, water opening it at C2 (the more substituted carbon), and loss of the proton to give 1-bromohexan-2-ol.
- Hydroboration–oxidation of 2-methylbut-1-eneDraw concerted syn hydroboration of 2-methylbut-1-ene with boron on the CH2 carbon, then the oxidation steps that replace boron by OH, giving the anti-Markovnikov alcohol 2-methylbutan-1-ol.
- Hydroboration–oxidation of (E)-hex-3-eneDraw concerted syn hydroboration of (E)-hex-3-ene, then the oxidation steps that replace boron by OH with retention, giving hexan-3-ol.
Oxidation: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
- Epoxidation of cyclooctene with mCPBADraw the concerted one-step oxygen transfer from mCPBA to cyclooctene, tracking all four electron pairs, to give cyclooctene oxide and 3-chlorobenzoic acid.
- Acid-catalysed hydrolysis of cyclopentene oxideDraw protonation of cyclopentene oxide, backside attack of water at one epoxide carbon, and deprotonation, and explain why the second stage of anti dihydroxylation gives trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diol.
- OsO4 dihydroxylation of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexeneDraw the concerted cycloaddition of OsO4 to 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene that forms the cyclic osmate(VI) ester, track the reduction of osmium, and predict the meso cis diol released on workup.
- Ozonolysis of (E)-3-methylpent-2-eneDraw ozone cycloaddition to (E)-3-methylpent-2-ene, fragmentation of the primary ozonide into a carbonyl compound and a carbonyl oxide, and their recombination to the ozonide, then predict the carbonyl products after dimethyl sulfide workup.
- Epoxidation of 1-methylcyclohexene with mCPBADraw the one-step "butterfly" transfer of the outer peroxy oxygen of mCPBA to 1-methylcyclohexene, giving 1-methylcyclohexene oxide and 3-chlorobenzoic acid.
- OsO4 dihydroxylation of hex-1-ene to hexane-1,2-diolDraw the concerted cycloaddition of OsO4 to hex-1-ene giving the cyclic osmate ester, then its hydrolysis by water to hexane-1,2-diol.
- Ozonolysis of 2-methylhex-2-ene to acetone and butanalDraw the Criegee mechanism: cycloaddition of ozone to 2-methylhex-2-ene, fragmentation of the molozonide, recombination to the ozonide, and reduction by dimethyl sulfide to acetone and butanal.
- Ozonolysis of cyclopentene to pentanedialDraw ozone adding to cyclopentene, cleavage of the molozonide, ring closure to the ozonide and its reduction by dimethyl sulfide, giving pentanedial.
Markovnikov additions and carbocations
- HBr adds to 2-methylbut-1-eneDraw the two-step ionic addition of HBr to 2-methylbut-1-ene: protonation that gives the tertiary carbocation, then capture by bromide to give 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.
- HBr adds to vinylcyclohexane with a hydride shiftDraw Markovnikov protonation of vinylcyclohexane, the 1,2-hydride shift that turns the secondary cation into a tertiary ring cation, and capture by bromide to give 1-bromo-1-ethylcyclohexane.
- Acid-catalysed hydration of 1-ethylcyclohexeneDraw the acid-catalysed hydration of 1-ethylcyclohexene: protonation by hydronium to the tertiary cation, attack by water, and deprotonation by water to give 1-ethylcyclohexan-1-ol with the acid regenerated.
- Acid-catalysed addition of methanol to 2,3-dimethylbut-2-eneDraw the acid-catalysed addition of methanol to 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene: protonation by protonated methanol, capture of the tertiary cation by methanol, and deprotonation that regenerates the acid and gives 2-methoxy-2,3-dimethylbutane.
- Oxymercuration of 3-methylbut-1-eneDraw ionisation of mercury(II) acetate, formation of the bridged mercurinium ion, opening by water at the more substituted carbon, and deprotonation, and explain why oxymercuration gives 3-methylbutan-2-ol without the rearrangement seen in acid-catalysed hydration.
- HBr with peroxide adds to 2-methylbut-1-eneDraw initiation (peroxide homolysis and H abstraction from HBr), then the two propagation steps: Br• adds to the CH2 carbon of 2-methylbut-1-ene and the tertiary radical takes H from HBr, giving 1-bromo-2-methylbutane.
- HCl adds to 1-methylcyclopenteneDraw protonation of 1-methylcyclopentene at the ring CH to give the tertiary carbocation, then chloride capture to give 1-chloro-1-methylcyclopentane.
- Acid-catalysed hydration of 2-methylhex-2-ene to 2-methylhexan-2-olDraw protonation of 2-methylhex-2-ene at C3, addition of water to the tertiary cation, and loss of the proton to give 2-methylhexan-2-ol.
Reações de alcinos
- Alquilação do etinilciclo-hexano com 1-bromopropanoDesenhe a desprotonação do etinilciclo-hexano pelo íon amideto e, em seguida, o ataque SN2 do íon ciclo-hexilacetileto ao 1-bromopropano, gerando o pent-1-in-1-ilciclo-hexano.
- Hidroboração do 4-etinilanisol com dissiamilboranoDesenhe a hidroboração syn do 4-etinilanisol pelo dissiamilborano, com o boro no carbono terminal, a oxidação que substitui o boro por oxigênio e a C-protonação do enolato, gerando o 2-(4-metoxifenil)acetaldeído.
- Dois equivalentes de HBr se adicionam ao etinilciclo-hexanoDesenhe duas adições de Markovnikov sucessivas de HBr ao etinilciclo-hexano, passando por um cátion vinílico e depois por um cátion estabilizado pelo bromo, até o dibrometo geminal (1,1-dibromoetil)ciclo-hexano.
- Hidratação do 4-etiniltolueno catalisada por mercúrioDesenhe a ativação do 4-etiniltolueno por Hg2+, o ataque de Markovnikov da água no carbono vizinho ao anel, a perda do mercúrio formando o enol e a tautomerização catalisada por ácido até a 1-(4-metilfenil)etan-1-ona.
- Redução de Lindlar do difenilacetileno a cis-estilbenoDesenhe a adição oxidativa de H2 ao paládio, a inserção migratória do difenilacetileno em uma ligação Pd–H e a eliminação redutiva, que dão o (Z)-estilbeno por adição syn.
Halogênios, boro e adição syn ou anti
- Adição anti de Br2 ao 1-fenilciclo-hexenoDesenhe o íon bromônio formado a partir do 1-fenilciclo-hexeno e sua abertura pelo lado oposto pelo brometo no carbono que tem a fenila, gerando o trans-1,2-dibromo-1-fenilciclo-hexano.
- Adição anti de Br2 ao (Z)-1-fenilpropenoDesenhe o íon bromônio cis formado a partir do (Z)-1-fenilpropeno e sua abertura pelo lado oposto pelo brometo no carbono benzílico, gerando o (1R*,2R*)-1,2-dibromo-1-fenilpropano racêmico.
- Bromo-hidrina a partir do 1-metilciclopenteno: adição antiDesenhe o íon bromônio formado a partir do 1-metilciclopenteno, o ataque anti da água no carbono que tem a metila e a desprotonação ao trans-2-bromo-1-metilciclopentan-1-ol.
- Bromo-hidrina a partir do (E)-β-metilestirenoDesenhe o íon bromônio trans formado a partir do (E)-β-metilestireno, sua abertura anti pela água no carbono benzílico e a desprotonação, gerando o (1R*,2S*)-2-bromo-1-fenilpropan-1-ol racêmico.
- 1-Fenilciclo-hexeno + BH3 e depois H2O2: álcool anti-MarkovnikovDesenhe a hidroboração syn do 1-fenilciclo-hexeno com o boro no carbono CH do anel e depois as etapas de oxidação que substituem o boro por OH com retenção, formando o trans-2-fenilciclo-hexan-1-ol.
- Hidroboração–oxidação do 4-metilpent-1-enoDesenhe a hidroboração syn concertada do 4-metilpent-1-eno com o boro no CH2 terminal e depois as etapas de oxidação com peróxido que substituem o boro por OH, formando o 4-metilpentan-1-ol.
- Hidroboração–oxidação do etilidenociclo-hexanoDesenhe a hidroboração syn concertada do etilidenociclo-hexano com o boro no CH exocíclico e depois as etapas de oxidação que substituem o boro por OH, formando o 1-ciclo-hexiletan-1-ol.
Problemas mistos de prova
- D2 e Pd/C com ciclo-hexeno: deuteração synDesenhe a adição oxidativa do D2 ao paládio, a inserção do ciclo-hexeno em uma ligação Pd–D e a eliminação redutiva, mostrando que a entrega syn gera o cis-1,2-dideuteriociclo-hexano meso.
Mixed exam problems
- Hydrogenation of 1-methylcyclohexene to methylcyclohexaneDraw oxidative addition of H2 to palladium, migratory insertion of 1-methylcyclohexene into a Pd–H bond, and reductive elimination giving methylcyclohexane.
Adições de Markovnikov e carbocátions
- Adição de HBr ao 1-fenilciclo-hexenoDesenhe a protonação do 1-fenilciclo-hexeno pelo HBr no carbono CH do anel, formando o cátion benzílico terciário, e depois a captura pelo brometo, que dá o (1-bromociclo-hexil)benzeno.
- Adição de HBr ao 4-metoxiestirenoDesenhe a protonação do CH2 vinílico do 4-metoxiestireno pelo HBr, formando o cátion benzílico, e depois a captura pelo brometo, que dá o 1-(1-bromoetil)-4-metoxibenzeno.
- HBr com peróxido se adiciona ao 4-cloroestirenoDesenhe a iniciação (homólise do peróxido e abstração de H do HBr) e as duas etapas de propagação: o Br• se adiciona à extremidade CH2 do 4-cloroestireno e o radical benzílico captura H do HBr, formando o 1-(2-bromoetil)-4-clorobenzeno.
- HBr com peróxido se adiciona ao metilenociclopentanoDesenhe a iniciação (homólise do peróxido e abstração de H do HBr) e depois as duas etapas de propagação: o Br• se adiciona ao carbono CH2 do metilenociclopentano e o radical terciário captura H do HBr, formando o (bromometil)ciclopentano.
- HCl se adiciona ao etilidenociclo-hexano: cloreto de MarkovnikovDesenhe a protonação do etilidenociclo-hexano no CH exocíclico, formando o carbocátion terciário do anel, e depois a captura pelo cloreto, que dá o 1-cloro-1-etilciclo-hexano.
- 1-Fenilciclopenteno + H2SO4/H2O: hidratação de MarkovnikovDesenhe a protonação do 1-fenilciclopenteno pelo hidrônio, a captura do cátion benzílico terciário pela água e a desprotonação, que dá o 1-fenilciclopentan-1-ol.
- α-Metilestireno + H2SO4 aquoso: hidratação de MarkovnikovDesenhe a protonação do α-metilestireno pelo hidrônio, a captura do cátion benzílico terciário pela água e a desprotonação que regenera o ácido, formando o 2-fenilpropan-2-ol.
- Adição de metanol ao α-metilestireno em meio ácidoDesenhe a protonação do α-metilestireno pelo metanol protonado, a captura do cátion benzílico terciário pelo metanol e a desprotonação que regenera o ácido, formando o (2-metoxipropan-2-il)benzeno.
- Oximercuração do 1-metilciclo-heptenoDesenhe a oximercuração do 1-metilciclo-hepteno pelo íon mercurínio, o ataque da água no carbono que carrega a metila, a desprotonação e a desmercuração com NaBH4 até o 1-metilciclo-heptan-1-ol.
- Oximercuração–desmercuração do 4-metilestirenoDesenhe a ionização do acetato de mercúrio(II), o íon mercurínio formado a partir do 4-metilestireno, sua abertura pela água no carbono benzílico, a desprotonação e a substituição do mercúrio por hidreto do NaBH4, formando o 1-(4-metilfenil)etan-1-ol.
Oxidação: epóxidos, dióis e ozonólise
- Epoxidação do 1,2-dimetilciclopenteno com mCPBADesenhe a transferência em uma etapa (mecanismo em borboleta) do oxigênio peroxídico externo do mCPBA ao 1,2-dimetilciclopenteno, formando o meso-1,2-dimetil-6-oxabiciclo[3.1.0]hexano e ácido 3-clorobenzoico.
- Epoxidação do trans-anetol com mCPBADesenhe a transferência em uma etapa (mecanismo em borboleta) do oxigênio peroxídico externo do mCPBA ao trans-anetol, formando o epóxido trans 2-(4-metoxifenil)-3-metiloxirano e ácido 3-clorobenzoico.
- Di-hidroxilação do 1,2-dimetilciclopenteno com OsO4Desenhe a cicloadição concertada do OsO4 ao 1,2-dimetilciclopenteno, que forma o éster de osmato cíclico, e depois sua hidrólise pela água até o meso-cis-1,2-dimetilciclopentano-1,2-diol.
- Di-hidroxilação do indeno com OsO4 até o diol cisDesenhe a cicloadição concertada do OsO4 ao alceno do anel de cinco membros do indeno e a hidrólise do éster de osmato, formando o cis-2,3-di-hidro-1H-indeno-1,2-diol.
- Ozonólise do 1-fenilciclo-hexeno a 6-oxo-6-fenil-hexanalDesenhe a cicloadição do ozônio ao 1-fenilciclo-hexeno, a fragmentação do molozonídeo, o fechamento do anel até o ozonídeo e sua redução pelo sulfeto de dimetila, formando o 6-oxo-6-fenil-hexanal.
- Ozonólise do etilidenociclo-hexano a ciclo-hexanonaDesenhe a adição do ozônio ao etilidenociclo-hexano, a fragmentação do molozonídeo, a recombinação até o ozonídeo e sua redução pelo sulfeto de dimetila, formando ciclo-hexanona e acetaldeído.
Preveja o produto 9
Alkyne reactions
- Hydroborate a terminal alkynePredict the aldehyde formed by hydroboration–oxidation of a terminal alkyne with a bulky borane.
- Sodium in ammonia and an internal alkynePredict the alkene geometry from a dissolving-metal reduction of an internal alkyne.
Halogens, boron and syn or anti addition
- Bromine and a tetrasubstituted ring alkenePredict the relative configuration of the dibromide formed by anti addition of Br₂ to 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene.
- Bromine in water and an exocyclic alkenePredict the regiochemistry of bromohydrin formation from an alkene whose two carbons differ in substitution.
- Hydroboration of a tetrasubstituted ring alkeneUse syn addition and retention in the oxidation to predict the relative configuration of the alcohol from hydroboration of 1,2-dimethylcyclopentene.
Markovnikov additions and carbocations
- HBr and a ring alkenePredict the Markovnikov product of HBr addition to a trisubstituted ring alkene under ionic conditions.
Oxidation: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
- Ozonolysis of a ring alkenePredict the single ring-opened dicarbonyl product of ozonolysis of a cyclic alkene with a reductive workup.
Oxidação: epóxidos, dióis e ozonólise
- Produto da ozonólise do indenoPreveja o único dialdeído formado quando a C=C do anel do indeno é clivada por ozônio com tratamento redutivo.
Hydroboration on rings
- Hydroboration product of 1-methylcyclohexenePredict the regio- and stereochemistry of hydroboration–oxidation on a ring alkene.
Classificar 5
Halogens, boron and syn or anti addition
- Spot the anti additionClassify common alkene additions as syn or anti from their mechanisms.
Mixed exam problems
- Anti dihydroxylation of an E alkeneClassify the stereoisomer formed by anti dihydroxylation of an E alkene as meso or racemic.
Alkyne reactions
- Which compound forms an acetylide?Classify hydrocarbons by whether NaNH₂ can convert them into an acetylide ion.
Oxidação: epóxidos, dióis e ozonólise
- Qual estilbeno dá um diol meso com OsO4?Classifique o diol obtido com OsO4 a partir do (Z)- e do (E)-estilbeno como meso ou racêmico, e compare com a adição anti de Br2.
Addition stereochemistry
- Which addition is anti?Classify alkene addition reagents as syn or anti adders.
Comparar 4
Mixed exam problems
- Rank alkene stabilityRank alkenes by double-bond stability from heats of hydrogenation and relate the order to substitution and geometry.
Markovnikov additions and carbocations
- Rank carbocationsOrder methyl, primary, secondary and tertiary carbocations by stability using the number of alkyl groups on the cationic carbon.
Alkyne reactions
- Rank C–H and N–H acidsOrder ethane, ethene, ammonia and ethyne by acidity and connect the ranking to the use of NaNH₂ with terminal alkynes.
Adições de Markovnikov e carbocátions
- Ordene estirenos para-substituídos pela velocidade de hidrataçãoOrdene estirenos para-substituídos pela velocidade da hidratação catalisada por ácido, com base na estabilidade do carbocátion benzílico.
Calcular 6
Oxidation: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
- Atom economy of an mCPBA epoxidationCalculate the atom economy of epoxidising cyclohexene with mCPBA from molar masses.
Mixed exam problems
- cis versus trans from heats of hydrogenationCalculate the enthalpy difference between two alkene stereoisomers from their heats of hydrogenation to the same alkane.
- Rings from formula and H₂ uptakeUse degrees of unsaturation and hydrogen uptake to count the rings in an unknown hydrocarbon.
Hydrogenation and unsaturation
- Stability from heats of hydrogenationCompare alkene stabilities using heats of hydrogenation.
- Rings from formula and H2 uptakeUse the degree of unsaturation and hydrogen uptake to count rings.
Problemas de prova variados
- Anéis mais ligações π no indeno (C9H8)Calcule os graus de insaturação do indeno a partir de sua fórmula e relacione-os com anéis e ligações π.
Encontre o erro 3
Mixed exam problems
- Find the error in a hydration mechanismIdentify an incorrect nucleophile in a proposed mechanism for acid-catalysed alkene hydration.
Markovnikov additions and carbocations
- Find the error in a hydration predictionDiagnose a hydration prediction that ignores a hydride shift from a secondary to a tertiary carbocation.
Problemas de prova variados
- Encontre o erro: HBr e peróxido com α-metilestirenoDiagnostique um produto de Markovnikov previsto para uma adição radicalar de HBr (com peróxido) a um aril-alceno.
Interprete as evidências 2
Mixed exam problems
- Identify an alkene from its reactionsInterpret bromine, hydrogenation and ozonolysis results to identify an unknown alkene.
Problemas de prova variados
- Identifique um aril-alceno C10H12 por dados de H2 e O3Combine o grau de insaturação, o consumo de H2 e os fragmentos da ozonólise para identificar um aril-alceno.
Trabalhe de trás para frente 3
Oxidation: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
- Which alkene gave this dione?Work backwards from a single dicarbonyl ozonolysis product to a cyclic alkene by reconnecting the two carbonyl carbons with a double bond.
Oxidação: epóxidos, dióis e ozonólise
- Qual alceno dá ciclo-hexanona e formaldeído?Volte dos fragmentos da ozonólise até o alceno unindo os dois carbonos carbonílicos por uma C=C.
Ozonolysis and structure
- Alkene from its ozonolysis productsReconstruct an alkene from its reductive ozonolysis products.
Planeje uma síntese 6
Oxidation: epoxides, diols and ozonolysis
- Make the trans diolChoose the reagent sequence that converts a cycloalkene into the trans 1,2-diol.
Mixed exam problems
- Markovnikov alcohol without rearrangementChoose the hydration method that gives the Markovnikov alcohol when the intermediate carbocation would rearrange.
Alkyne reactions
- Build (Z)-hex-3-ene from acetylenePlan a sequence of two acetylide alkylations and a stereoselective reduction that converts ethyne into a Z alkene.
Reações de alcinos
- Planeje o (E)-1-fenilbut-1-eno a partir do fenilacetilenoPlaneje uma síntese em duas etapas de um alceno trans a partir de um alcino terminal: alquilação do acetileto e depois redução com metal dissolvido.
Alkyne reductions
- Reagent for a trans alkene from an alkyneChoose the reagent that reduces an internal alkyne to an E-alkene.
Halogênios, boro e adição syn ou anti
- Reagentes para 2-fenilpropan-1-ol a partir do α-metilestirenoEscolha os reagentes que hidratam o α-metilestireno de forma anti-Markovnikov até o álcool primário 2-fenilpropan-1-ol.
Explique por quê 3
Halogens, boron and syn or anti addition
- Why anti-Markovnikov?Explain why boron bonds to the less substituted alkene carbon during hydroboration.
Mixed exam problems
- Why only HBr shows the peroxide effectExplain why radical anti-Markovnikov addition works with HBr but not with HCl or HI.
Halogênios, boro e adição syn ou anti
- Por que a água ataca o carbono benzílico de um bromônioExplique a regioquímica da formação de bromo-hidrina a partir de um aril-alceno via o íon bromônio assimétrico.
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